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Libro Marketing De Ricardo Romero.pdfMiguel Martin was a highly respected book merchant of Madrid who had made his fortune during the Spanish conquest of America in the mid-15th century. He was also an acquaintance of Christopher Columbus, and he helped fund Columbus’s second voyage to the New World in 1493-1494, on which he negotiated with local Amerindian tribes for goods to trade for gold, spices, and other precious minerals. Martin was so deeply involved in the slave trade of slaves to Spain, especially after the completion of the transatlantic voyage, that he wrote a detailed account on his experiences with it. The book, "Libro de Martin de Valencia y España" (c. 1500), is important because it shows an early example of white people trading directly with Indian tribes in the New World. Christopher Columbus was implementing similar tactics during his 1492-1493 voyage to Hispaniola, where he traded for gold and food with natives. During his second voyage (1498–1499), he negotiated with Solomon Atahualpa; but his negotiations were unsuccessful and had little effect on Spanish expansion into the Americas through trade. Columbus was not the first European to attempt exporting goods to the Americas. In 1415, Amerigo Vespucci made an attempt to establish a foraging for pearls trade with coastal tribes he encountered on his second trip of exploration. These attempts had no lasting effects on the colonization of the Americas during this period, because at this time Europe was still largely engaged in its own internal conflicts, after being devastated by another plague pandemic in 14th century. From 1256 until the 1350s, warring kingdoms fought over control of territory in France and England. The plague pandemic caused these wars to escalate into full-scale civil war which would continue until 1350s. By the 14th century, though, all of these conflicts were resolved and the area was at peace. Britain and France had also been engaged in their bloody Hundred Years' War from 1337 to 1453. The population of Europe had been rapidly declining during the 14th century, due to the Black Death plague which affected almost all of Europe. Europe's population loss has been blamed on a series of agricultural failures caused by climatic variations (the Little Ice Age) and wars. One vital resource in medieval times was food itself. Because food production was so vital to everything else, when it failed agriculture would fail with it, causing mass starvation across Europe. The period between 1450 and 1600 is referred to as "the Great European Famine". The 15th century was a time of social and cultural transition. The feudal system was beginning to break down, and a new era of economic development was beginning, with the Renaissance in Italy. In 1492, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Spain to America. In England, Henry VII initiated the Tudor dynasty. In 1521, an expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world. In 1553-1554 England defeated France for control of France's main grain supply in the Siege of Boulogne. cfa1e77820
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